Samms RJ, Coghlan MP, Sloop KW (2020) How may GIP enhance the therapeutic efficacy of GLP-1
doi:10.1159/000275883 Giacosa A, Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E, Riva A, Bianchi Porro G, Rondanelli M
They suppress glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells, slow gastric emptying to reduce postprandial glucose excursions, and promote satiety through central nervous system pathways
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Another double-blind study showed L-theanine lowered heart rate, improved salivary IgA levels and reduced sympathetic nervous system activation, demonstrating its ability to support a healthy stress response
These tests indicate how well the B12 is used in the cells