After 8 weeks of intervention, the mice were fasted for 12 h, and blood or tissue samples were collected
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Analytical Validation and Quality Assurance Identity and composition of each peptide component are verified through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) profiling, ensuring reproducibility, purity, and batch consistency for laboratory use
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Filtration-favored delivery promotes selective accumulation in proximal tubules, whereas capillary-mediated uptake enables deposition within inflamed and hypoxic renal microenvironments
Additionally, the small sample size at our center further increased the risk of an unbalanced baseline